What's the difference between an autobiography, biography or a memoir? (2024)

While each of these forms of writing illuminates the life, work, and worldview of an individual, they are differentiated by the degree of objectivity and factual content, as well stylistic approaches and perspectives.

Note: The below definitions are from the Oxford English Dictionary[electronic resource.]

Autobiography, n.–

Typically in book form, an autobiography is an account of a person’s life told by the himself or herself. An autobiography tends to be a more general history, while a memoir focuses on a specific piece of the author's life.

Biography, n.–

A biography is a written account (although it may come in other forms such as recorded or visual media) of events and circ*mstances of another person’s life. Most commonly written about a historical or public figure, it profiles a person’s life or life’s work.

Diary, n. –

A daily record of personal matters, transactions or events affecting the writer personally or the result of the author’s observations.

Journal, adj. AND n. –

Often referring to a more detailed account than that of a diary, a journal contains events or matters of personal interest, kept for one’s own use. Either in the form of daily accounts or entries for when events occur.

Memoir, n. –

A record ofevents or history from the personal knowledge,experience, perspective or special source information of the author. Frequently include autobiographic reminiscences. Memoirs tend to cover in detail a specific aspect of an author's life, while an autobiography is a more general history.

Narrative, n. –

When writing a narrative essay, one might think of it as telling a story. These essays are often anecdotal, experiential, and personal—allowing students to express themselves in a creative and, quite often, moving ways.

Purdue Online Writing Lab

Expository, n.–

The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the analysis of cause and effect, etc.

Purdue Online Writing Lab

Oral history, n. –

A story or collection of stories or past events that have been passed down by word of mouth. Sometimes including record oral histories, this form of history relies on compiling recollections from people who were told these histories or whom lived these stories.

Conducting Oral Histories with Veterans

In recent years, publishers have avoided classifying life stories as “autobiographies”, with the attendant expectation of editorial fact-checking.By usinga classification such as“memoir” or “personal essay” or “narrative”, a number of works later determined to be mostly or entirely fictional have been initially presented as nonfiction (e.g.A Thousand Little Piecesby James Frey).As when evaluating other research materials, it is important to consider whether the author is objective and complete in his or her writing.

In addition, only a biographer writing after the subject’s death is able to relate the events surrounding the death and the post-death consensus as to the individual’s significance.

Nonetheless, the personal narrative, even if subjective or incomplete, may add to one’s understanding of the individual’s values and viewpoint.

For brieferarticles onindividuals,try the biographies contained in print and online reference works, including:

• Gale In Context: Biography
• American National Biography
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Below are some library resources on interpreting the various forms of life writing.

• Wolfreys, Julian.Critical keywords in literary and cultural theory.New York :PalgraveMacmillan, 2004. [PN44.5.W64 2004]
• Cuddon, J.A.; Preston, C.E..(rev.)A dictionary of literary terms and literary theory.Malden, Mass. : Blackwell, 1998. [REFPN41.C83 1998]
• Turco, Lewis.The book of literary terms : the genres of fiction, drama, nonfiction, literary criticism, and scholarship.Hanover, NH : University Press of New England,c1999. [PN44.5.T87 1999]
• Spengemann, William C.The forms of autobiography : episodes in the history of a literary genre.New Haven : Yale University Press, 1980. [CT25.S63 1980]
• Memories are made of this - and that